Permanent Customer I Will Buy Again From You Real Soon

Policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life

In economics and industrial design, planned obsolescence (also chosen born obsolescence or premature obsolescence) is a policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life or a purposely frail design, and then that information technology becomes obsolete after a certain pre-determined catamenia of time upon which it decrementally functions or suddenly ceases to part, or might be perceived as unfashionable.^[i] The rationale behind this strategy is to generate long-term sales book by reducing the time between repeat purchases (referred to as "shortening the replacement cycle").^[2] It is the deliberate shortening of a lifespan of a product to force people to purchase functional replacements.^[three]

Planned obsolescence tends to work best when a producer has at least an oligopoly.^[4] Before introducing a planned obsolescence, the producer has to know that the customer is at least somewhat likely to purchase a replacement from them (see brand loyalty). In these cases of planned obsolescence, there is an data disproportion between the producer, who knows how long the product was designed to last, and the customer, who does non. When a marketplace becomes more competitive, product lifespans tend to increase.^{[5] [vi]} For example, when Japanese vehicles with longer lifespans entered the American market place in the 1960s and 1970s, American carmakers were forced to respond past building more durable products.^[7]

History [edit]

Ending the Depression Through Planned Obsolescence, past Bernard London, 1932

In 1924, the American machine marketplace began reaching saturation point. To maintain unit sales, General Motors executive Alfred P. Sloan Jr. suggested annual model-yr pattern changes to convince car owners to buy new replacements each yr, with refreshed appearances headed by Harley Earl and the Fine art and Color Section. Although his concept was borrowed from the bicycle industry, its origin was often misattributed to Sloan.^[eight] Sloan often used the term dynamic obsolescence,^[9] simply critics coined the name of his strategy planned obsolescence.

This strategy had far-reaching furnishings on the car industry, product blueprint field and eventually the whole American economic system. The smaller players could not maintain the stride and expense of yearly re-styling. Henry Ford did not similar the abiding stream of model-year changes because he clung to an engineer's notions of simplicity, economies of scale, and blueprint integrity. GM surpassed Ford'due south sales in 1931 and became the dominant visitor in the industry thereafter. The frequent design changes also made information technology necessary to use a torso-on-frame structure rather than the lighter, only less easy to modify, unibody blueprint used by most European automakers.

The origin of the phrase planned obsolescence goes back at least equally far as 1932 with Bernard London's pamphlet Ending the Low Through Planned Obsolescence.^[x] The essence of London's plan would have the authorities impose a legal obsolescence on personal-utilize items, to stimulate and perpetuate purchasing. All the same, the phrase was first popularized in 1954 by Brooks Stevens, an American industrial designer. Stevens was due to requite a talk at an advertising conference in Minneapolis in 1954. Without giving it much idea, he used the term equally the title of his talk. From that betoken on, "planned obsolescence" became Stevens' catchphrase. By his definition, planned obsolescence was "Instilling in the buyer the desire to ain something a lilliputian newer, a little ameliorate, a little sooner than is necessary."^[11]

The phrase was quickly taken up by others, but Stevens' definition was challenged. By the late 1950s, planned obsolescence had become a commonly used term for products designed to interruption easily or to quickly go out of style. In fact, the concept was so widely recognized that in 1959 Volkswagen mocked information technology in an advertising campaign. While acknowledging the widespread use of planned obsolescence among automobile manufacturers, Volkswagen pitched itself as an culling. "Nosotros do not believe in planned obsolescence", the ads suggested. "Nosotros don't change a car for the sake of alter."^[12] In the famous Volkswagen advertising campaign past Doyle Dane Bernbach, ane advert showed an almost blank page with the strapline "No point in showing the 1962 Volkswagen, it nonetheless looks the same".

In 1960, cultural critic Vance Packard published The Waste material Makers, promoted every bit an exposé of "the systematic attempt of concern to make usa wasteful, debt-ridden, permanently discontented individuals". Packard divided planned obsolescence into ii sub categories: obsolescence of desirability and obsolescence of role.

"Obsolescence of desirability", a.thou.a. "psychological obsolescence", referred to marketers' attempts to habiliment out a product in the owner's mind. Packard quoted industrial designer George Nelson, who wrote:

Design ... is an try to make a contribution through modify. When no contribution is made or tin can be made, the merely process available for giving the illusion of change is "styling"!

Variants [edit]

Contrived durability [edit]

Contrived immovability is a strategy of shortening the product lifetime earlier it is released onto the market place, by designing it to deteriorate apace.^[4] The design of all personal-use products includes an expected average lifetime permeating all stages of evolution. Thus, it must be decided early in the design of a complex product how long it should last so that each component can exist made to those specifications. Since all matter is subject to entropy, it is impossible for annihilation to last forever: all products will ultimately suspension downwardly, no matter what steps are taken. Limited lifespan is only a sign of planned obsolescence if the limit is fabricated artificially short.

The strategy of contrived durability is generally not prohibited by law, and manufacturers are costless to set the durability level of their products.^[4] While often considered planned obsolescence, information technology is oftentimes argued equally its own field of anti-customer practices.

A possible method of limiting a production's durability is to use inferior materials in critical areas, or suboptimal component layouts which cause excessive clothing. Using soft metal in screws and cheap plastic instead of metal in stress-bearing components will increment the speed at which a product will become inoperable through normal usage and brand it prone to breakage from even minor forms of abnormal usage. For example, minor, brittle plastic gears in toys are extremely prone to damage if the toy is played with roughly, which can easily destroy key functions of the toy and strength the purchase of a replacement. The short life expectancy of smartphones and other handheld electronics is a result of constant usage, fragile batteries, and the ability to hands harm them.^[13]

Prevention of repairs [edit]

The ultimate examples of such blueprint are unmarried-use versions of traditionally durable goods, such as disposable cameras, where the customer must purchase entire new products after using them just in one case. Such products are ofttimes designed to be incommunicable to service; for example, a cheap throwaway digital watch may have a example which is sealed in the factory, with no designed power for the user to access the interior without destroying the lookout man entirely.^{[ citation needed ]} Manufacturers may brand replacement parts either unavailable or and so expensive that they make the production uneconomic to repair. For example, Catechism and some HP inkjet printers contain a replaceable print caput which somewhen fails. Still, the high cost of a replacement forces the owner to fleck the entire device.^[xiv]

Pentalobe screws used in an iPhone 6S. Critics accept argued that Apple tree's use of pentalobe screws in their newer devices is an attempt to prevent the possessor from repairing the device themselves.

Other products may also comprise design features meant to frustrate repairs, such as Apple's "tamper-resistant" pentalobe screws that cannot hands be removed with common personal-use tools, overuse of gum, also as denying functioning if any third-party component such as a replacement home push button has been detected.^{[15] [16]}

Front loading washing machines often take the drum bearing – a critical and wear-prone mechanical component  – permanently molded into the wash tub, or even have a sealed outer tub, making information technology impossible to renew the bearings without replacing the unabridged tub. The toll of this repair may exceed the residual value of the apparatus, forcing it to be scrapped.^[17]

Planned obsolescence in a Bosch immersion blender: a plastic latch (indicated by the head of a friction match) designed to break later a sure number of deformations, making it difficult to apply the blender. All the elements shown in the photograph (motor, switch, speed command microprocessor, power cord, etc.) are sold past the Bosch service as "single spare part" for a price similar to the new complete device

Bosch, despite the up to 10-year availability of spare parts declared on websites,^{[18] [xix]} assembles in the popular MaxoMixx mixers an easily breaking plastic latch, refusing to sell the replacement latch to the user and proposing to replace the entire drive consisting of many elements equally a single spare role, which is almost equivalent to buying a new device.^[20]

Co-ordinate to Kyle Wiens, co-founder of online repair community iFixit, a possible goal for such a design is to make the price of repairs comparable to the replacement cost, or to forestall whatever grade of servicing of the product at all. In 2012, Toshiba was criticized for issuing end-and-desist letters to the owner of a website that hosted its copyrighted repair manuals, to the detriment of the independent and domicile repair marketplace.^[21]

Batteries [edit]

Throughout normal use, batteries lose their ability to store energy, output power, and maintain a stable terminal voltage, which impairs calculating speeds and eventually leads to system outages in portable electronics.^{[22] [23]}

Some portable products highly relied upon in the post-PC era, such equally mobile phones, laptops, as well as electric toothbrushes, are designed in a way that denies end-users the power to supplant their batteries after those have worn downwards, therefore leaving an aging bombardment trapped inside the device, which limits the product lifespan to its shortest-lived component.^{[22] [24]}

While such a pattern tin can help make the device thinner, it makes it difficult to replace the bombardment without sending the entire device abroad for repairs or purchasing an entirely new device.^[25] On a device with a sealed back cover, a manual (forced) bombardment replacement might induce permanent damage, including loss of water-resistance due to amercement on the h2o-protecting seal, equally well equally risking serious, even irreparable damage to the phone's main board as a result of having to pry the battery free from strong adhesive in proximity to delicate components. Some devices are even built so that the battery terminals are covered past the main board, requiring information technology to be riskily removed entirely before disconnecting the terminals.^[26] The manufacturer or a repair service might be able to replace the battery. In the latter case, this could void the warranty on the device.^{[ citation needed ]}

As such, it forces users who wish to keep their device functional longer to limit their use of energy-demanding device functionality and to forego total recharging.^{[ citation needed ]}

The practice in phone design started with Apple's iPhones and has now spread out to almost other mobile phones.^[27] Before mobile phones (including h2o-resistant ones) had back covers that could exist opened by the user in lodge to supercede the battery.^[28]

Perceived obsolescence [edit]

The 1923 Chevrolet is cited as i of the earliest examples of annual facelifts in the auto industry, because it had a restyled body covering what essentially was nine-year-old engineering science.^[29]

Obsolescence of desirability or stylistic obsolescence occurs when designers change the styling of products so trendsetting customers will buy the latest styles.

Many products are primarily desirable for aesthetic rather than functional reasons. An case of such a product is clothing. Such products experience a cycle of desirability referred to as a "manner cycle". By continually introducing new aesthetics, and retargeting or discontinuing older designs, a manufacturer can "ride the style cycle", allowing for constant sales despite the original products remaining fully functional. Sneakers are a pop mode industry where this is prevalent—Nike's Air Max line of running shoes is a prime example where a unmarried model of shoe is often produced for years, but the color and fabric combination ("colorway") is changed every few months, or different colorways are offered in different markets.^{[ citation needed ]} This has the effect of ensuring constant demand for the product, even though it remains fundamentally the same.

Motor vehicle platforms typically undergo a midlife "facelift"—a cosmetic rather than an engineering alter for the purpose of cost effectively increasing customer appeal past making previously manufactured versions of the same fundamental production less desirable. The about simplistic fashion to reach this outcome is to offer new paint colors.

To a more limited extent this is also true of some personal-utilize electronic products, where manufacturers will release slightly updated products at regular intervals and emphasize their value every bit status symbols. The most notable case amongst technology products are Apple products. New colorways introduced with iterative "Due south" generation iPhones (due east.chiliad. the iPhone 6S's "Rose Gold") entice people into upgrading and distinguishes an otherwise identical-looking iPhone from the previous year'due south model.

Some smartphone manufacturers release a marginally updated model every 5 or vi months compared to the typical yearly cycle, leading to the perception that a one-twelvemonth-old handset can be up to two generations old. A notable instance is OnePlus, known for releasing T-series devices with upgraded specifications roughly 6 months after a major release device. Sony Mobile utilised a similar tactic with its Xperia Z-series smartphones.^{[ citation needed ]}

Systemic obsolescence [edit]

Planned systemic obsolescence is caused either by the withdrawal of investment, or a product becoming obsolete through continuous development of the system in which information technology is used in such a mode as to make continued use of the original production difficult. Mutual examples of planned systemic obsolescence include irresolute the design of screws or fasteners so that they cannot easily be operated on with existing tools, thereby frustrating maintenance. This may be intentionally designed obsolescence, a withdrawal of investment or standards being updated or superseded. For instance, series ports, parallel ports, and PS/2 ports accept largely been supplanted or usurped by USB on newer PC motherboards since 2000s.^{[ citation needed ]}

Programmed obsolescence [edit]

In some cases, notification may be combined with deliberate artificial disabling of a functional production to prevent information technology from working, thus requiring the heir-apparent to buy a replacement. For example, inkjet printer manufacturers utilize smart fries in their ink cartridges to prevent them from being used after a certain threshold (number of pages, time, etc.), even though the cartridge may still comprise usable ink or could be refilled (with ink toners, up to 50 percent of the toner cartridge is often withal full).^[30] This constitutes "programmed obsolescence", in that in that location is no random component contributing to the decline in function.

In the Jackie Blennis v. HP class action suit, information technology was claimed that Hewlett Packard designed sure inkjet printers and cartridges to shut down on an undisclosed expiration date, and at this signal customers were prevented from using the ink that remained in the expired cartridge. HP denied these claims, only agreed to discontinue the use of certain messages, and to make certain changes to the disclosures on its website and packaging, as well as compensating afflicted customers with a total credit of upward to $five,000,000 for future purchases from HP.^{[31] [32]}

Samsung produces laser printers that are designed to stop working with a message near imaging pulsate replacing. There are some workarounds for users, for instance, that volition more than double the life of the printer that has stopped with a message to supercede the imaging pulsate.^[33]

In 2021, Canon disabled the scanning office of its Catechism Pixma MG6320 all-in-1 printers whenever an ink cartridge was out of ink. A class action lawsuit was filed. ^[34]

Software lock-out [edit]

Another example of programmed obsolescence is making older versions of software (e.g. Adobe Wink Player or YouTube's Android application^[35]) unserviceable deliberately, even though they would technically, albeit not economically, be able to proceed working as intended.

Where older versions of software contain unpatched security vulnerabilities, such equally banking and payment apps, deliberate lock out may be a gamble-based response to prevent the proliferation of malware in those older versions. If the original vendor of the software is no longer in business concern, then disabling may occur by some other software author as in the case of a web browser disabling a plugin. Otherwise, the vendor who owns a software ecosystem may disable an app that does not comply with a central policy or regulation, such every bit the processing of personal data to protect user privacy, though in other cases, this does non exclude the possibility of "security reasons" being used for fearmongering.

This could be a problem for the user, because some devices, despite beingness equipped with appropriate hardware, might not be able to support the newest update without modifications such equally custom firmware.

Additionally, updates to newer versions might have introduced undesirable side furnishings, such as removed features^[35] or compulsory changes,^[36] or backwards compatibility shortcomings which might be unsolicited and undesired past users.

Software companies sometimes deliberately drop support for older technologies as a calculated attempt to force users to purchase new products to supervene upon those made obsolete.^[37] Most proprietary software will ultimately reach an end-of-life indicate at which the supplier will cease updates and back up, usually because the price of code maintenance, testing and support exceed the revenue generated from the old version. As free software and open source software tin usually be updated and maintained at lower cost, the finish of life engagement can exist later on.^[38] Software that is abandoned by the manufacturer with regard to manufacturer back up is sometimes called abandonware.

Legal obsolescence [edit]

Legal obsolescence refers to the undermining of production usability through legislation, as well as facilitate purchasing a new product by offer benefits.

For example, governments wanting to increment electric vehicle ownership could increase the replacement rate of cars by subsidising them.

Several cities such equally London, Berlin, Paris, Antwerp and Brussels accept introduced depression-emission zones (LEZ) banning older diesel fuel cars. People using such cars in these zones must replace them.^[39]

Laws and regulations [edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please aid update this article to reflect recent events or newly available data. (April 2021)

In 2015 the French National Assembly established a fine of up to €300,000 and jail terms of upward to two years for manufacturers planning the failure of their products.^[twoscore] The rule is relevant not only because of the sanctions that it establishes merely also because information technology is the first time that a legislature recognized the existence of planned obsolescence.^[41] These techniques may include "a deliberate introduction of a flaw, a weakness, a scheduled stop, a technical limitation, incompatibility or other obstacles for repair".^{[ commendation needed ]}

The European Marriage is also addressing the practise. The European Economic and Social Commission (EESC), an informational body of the European union,^[42] appear in 2013 that it was studying "a total ban on planned obsolescence". It said replacing products that are designed to stop working within two or iii years of their purchase was a waste of free energy and resource and generated pollution.^[43] The EESC organised a round table in Madrid in 2014 on 'Best practices in the domain of born obsolescence and collaborative consumption' which called for sustainable consumption to be a client correct in European union legislation.^[44] Carlos Trias Pinto, president of the EESC's Consultative Commission on Industrial Modify^[45] supports "the introduction of a labeling organization which indicates the durability of a device, so the purchaser can choose whether they prefer to buy a inexpensive product or a more expensive, more durable product".^[46]

In 2015, as office of a larger movement against planned obsolescence across the Eu, French republic passed legislation requiring that apparatus manufacturers and vendors declare the intended product lifespans, and to inform purchasers how long spare parts for a given product will be produced. From 2016, apparatus manufacturers are required to repair or supersede, costless of charge, any defective production inside two years from its original buy appointment. This effectively creates a mandatory 2-twelvemonth warranty.^[47]

Critics and supporters [edit]

Shortening the replacement cycle has critics and supporters. Philip Kotler argues that: "Much so-called planned obsolescence is the working of the competitive and technological forces in a free society—forces that lead to ever-improving goods and services."^[48]

Critics such as Vance Packard claim the process is wasteful and exploits customers. With psychological obsolescence, resources are used up making changes, often cosmetic changes, that are not of great value to the client. Miles Park advocates new and collaborative approaches between the designer and the purchaser to challenge obsolescence in fast-moving sectors such equally personal-apply electronics.^[49] Some people, such as Ronny Balcaen, take proposed to create a new label to counter the diminishing quality of products due to the planned obsolescence technique.^[thirty]

In academia [edit]

Russell Jacoby, writing in the 1970s, observes that intellectual production has succumbed to the same pattern of planned obsolescence used by manufacturing enterprises to generate ever-renewed demand for their products.

The application of planned obsolescence to thought itself has the same merit equally its application to consumer appurtenances; the new is not only shoddier than the erstwhile, it fuels an obsolete social system that staves off its replacement by manufacturing the illusion that it is perpetually new.^[50]

Meet also [edit]

• Artificial demand
• Bathtub bend—a concept of typical product failure
• Batterygate—a term used to describe the implementation of performance controls on older models of Apple'south iPhone line in order to preserve system stability on degraded batteries
• Crippleware
• Defective by Design
• Design life – Time the creator plans a production to last
• Durapolist—producer that manipulates the durability of its production
• Durability – Ability of a product to continue to part
• Electronics right to repair—government legislation to allow people to repair their own devices
• Environmental effects of transport
• Hardware restriction—content protection enforced by electronic components.
• Interchangeable parts
• Light-weight Linux distribution—Linux distributions with lower hardware demands than other Linux distributions
• Maintainability – Ease of maintaining a operation product
• Phoebus cartel—worked to standardize the life expectancy of light bulbs at 1,000 hours, down from ii,500 hours
• Prognostics—engineering science subject field focused on predicting the life times
• Repairability
• Software bloat—successive versions of a computer program requiring ever more computing power
• Vendor lock-in—making a client dependent on a vendor for products and services, unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs.

References [edit]

1. ^ Bulow, Jeremy (November 1986). "An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Oxford University Press. 101 (4): 729–749. doi:10.2307/1884176. JSTOR 1884176. S2CID 154545959. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2020.
2. ^ Bidgoli, Hossein (2010). The Handbook of Technology Direction, Supply Chain Management, Marketing and Advertising, and Global Direction. Wiley. p. 296. ISBN978-0470249482.
3. ^ Giles Slade (2006), "Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America", Harvard Academy Press, p5.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Orbach, Barak (2004). "The Durapolist Puzzle: Monopoly Power in Durable-Goods Market". Yale Journal on Regulation. 21: 67–118. SSRN 496175.
5. ^ Bulow, Jeremy (Nov ane, 1986). "An Economical Theory of Planned Obsolescence". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 101 (4): 729–750. doi:10.2307/1884176. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 1884176.
6. ^ Hadhazy, Adam. "Here's the truth about the 'planned obsolescence' of tech". Retrieved July 13, 2018.
7. ^ Dickinson, Torry D.; Schaeffer, Robert One thousand. (2001). Fast Forward: Work, Gender, and Protest in a Changing Earth. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 55–half dozen. ISBN978-0-7425-0895-eight.
8. ^ Babaian, Sharon (1998). The Most Benevolent Machine: A Historical Assessment of Cycles in Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Science and Applied science. p. 97. ISBN978-0-660-91670-five.
9. ^ Grattan, Laura (January vi, 2016). Populism's Power: Radical Grassroots Democracy in America. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN9780190277659 – via Google Books.
10. ^ "Bernard London's pamphlet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2012.
11. ^ Adamson, Glen (June 2003). Industrial Forcefulness Design: How Brooks Stevens Shaped Your Earth. MIT Press. ISBN978-0-262-01207-2.
12. ^ LIFE. Time Inc. August three, 1959. Archived from the original on Feb 28, 2017.
13. ^ "Life Expectancy of a Smartphone". Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
14. ^ Schrieberg, David. "Landmark French Lawsuit Attacks Epson, HP, Catechism And Brother For 'Planned Obsolescence'". Forbes.
15. ^ Foresman, Chris (January xx, 2011). "Apple tree "screwing" new iPhones out of simple DIY repair". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on May xiv, 2012. Retrieved Jan 28, 2012.
16. ^ Hein, Buster (February nine, 2016). "Everything you demand to know about iOS' crippling 'Error 53'". Cult of Mac . Retrieved Apr 8, 2021.
17. ^ Cooper, Daniel R.; Skelton, Alexandra C. H.; Moynihan, Muiris C.; Allwood, Julian M. (March 1, 2014). "Component level strategies for exploiting the lifespan of steel in products". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 84: 24–34. doi:ten.1016/j.resconrec.2013.eleven.014.
18. ^ "Bosch spare parts online shop".
19. ^ "Sprzęt Gospodarstwa Domowego".
20. ^ "Dwelling house appliances—Blender rod MSM88190".
21. ^ Wiens, Kyle. "The Shady Globe of Repair Manuals: Copyrighting for Planned Obsolescence". Wired. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014.
22. ^ ^{a b} "Fifty'obsolescence programmée par Apple tree expliquée (pour les nuls et plus)". Greenspector (in French). January two, 2018.
23. ^ "Apple sued for slow iPhone planned-obsolescence in France". SlashGear. December 28, 2017.
24. ^ "Принудительное замедление старых iPhone повышает шансы на принятие законодательства о праве на ремонт". habr.com (in Russian). Тем более что цикл выпуска новых моделей как раз предусматривает, что новая модель выходит на рынок именно тогда, когда на старой модели начинают садиться аккумулятор, а сейчас ещё и замедляется процессор. Всё как будто случайно складывается в пользу покупки новой модели. Эта история должна стать хорошим примером при объяснении пользователям, почему так важна работа независимых мастерских по ремонту фирменной техники, даже если сама фирма против.
25. ^ End of the line for stuff that's congenital to dice? Archived October 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. March 2015
26. ^ muligheder, dk Mads Nyvold fortæller om klodens klima-og ressourcekrise ved at undersøge det turbulente felt mellem realpolitiske; artiklen, geopolitiske magtbalancer og visionære løsninger Del (March 22, 2017). "Nej, det er ikke en konspirationsteori. Nogle produkter er bare designet til at gå i stykker før tid". Zetland (in Danish).
27. ^ Statt, Nick (December 8, 2015). "What happened to Apple pattern?". The Verge.
28. ^ Parlette, Alexis. "Does planned obsolescence feed the fear that our devices will be out of date?". The Flyer.
29. ^ Almanac model change was the upshot of affluence, engineering science, advertising. Automotive News, September 14, 2008
30. ^ ^{a b} RTBF documentary "L'obsolescence programmée" by Xavier Vanbuggenhout
31. ^ "HP Inkjet Printer Settlement". Archived from the original on December 26, 2016.
32. ^ DiClerico, Daniel (November 17, 2010). "HP inkjet printer lawsuit reaches $5 million settlement". consumerreports.org.
33. ^ "Samsung CLP-365w Laser Printer DIY Imaging Pulsate Unit Reset". Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
34. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (October 19, 2021). "No ink, no scan: Canon Usa printers striking with grade-action suit". ZDNet . Retrieved October 24, 2021.
35. ^ ^{a b} neverMind9 (May 26, 2018). "applications—YouTube update enforcement bypass? +Reasons why the old YouTube app is superior". Android Enthusiasts Stack Exchange. ^{[ user-generated source ]}
36. ^ "Behavior changes: all apps". Android Developers.
37. ^ "Idea: Planned obsolescence". The Economist. March 25, 2009. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
38. ^ Cassia, Fernando (March 28, 2007). "Open up Source, the only weapon against 'planned obsolescence'". The Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2012. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
39. ^ "Current and hereafter situation of obsolescence in the automotive industry". The Economist. March 25, 2009.
40. ^ Bates-Prince, James. "Interview: The True Story of France's Fight against Planned obsolescence". Buy Me One time.
41. ^ Cissé, Sonia; Metcalf, Caitlin Potratz; Fisher, Adrian; de Meersman, Guillaume; Didizian, Marly (March 31, 2020). "In the Crosshairs: Planned Obsolescence".
42. ^ European Economic and Social Commission. retrieved June 7, 2016 from "About". January 2, 2010. Archived from the original on June 20, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
43. ^ The EESC calls for a full ban on planned obsolescence. (2013, October 17). Retrieved June 7, 2016, from "Press releases". Archived from the original on June thirty, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
44. ^ New attitudes towards consumption: Best practices in the domain of congenital-in obsolescence and collaborative consumption. (2014, June 25). Retrieved June vii, 2016, from "Events". Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
45. ^ Consultative Commission on Industrial Change—Presentation. (no date). Retrieved June vii, 2016, from "Consultative Committee on Industrial Change (CCMI)". Feb 15, 2010. Archived from the original on June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
46. ^ Lavadoras con muerte anunciada. (2014, November 2). Retrieved May 19, 2015, from Vidales, Raquel (Nov 2014). "Lavadoras con muerte anunciada". El País. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
47. ^ Drew Prindle. New French law tells consumers how long new appliances will last Archived February i, 2016, at the Wayback Car. Digitaltrends. March three, 2015
48. ^ "Planned obsolescence". The Economist. Archived from the original on December seven, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
49. ^ Park, Grand. (2010). "Defying Obsolescence." In Cooper T (ed) Longer Lasting Products: Alternatives to the Throwaway Social club. Gower, Farnham, UK.".
50. ^ Russell Jacoby, Social Amnesia (1975), p. xvii.

Farther reading [edit]

• Taiwo Chiliad. Aladeojebi (June 2013). "Planned Obsolescence" (PDF). International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 4 (6): 1504–1508.
• Larry A. DiMatteo and Stefan Wrbka (Spring 2019). "Planned Obsolescence and Consumer Protection: The Unregulated Extended Warranty and Service Contract Manufacture" (PDF). Cornell Periodical of Police force and Public Policy. 28 (three): 483–544.
• Daniel Keeble (Bound 2013). The Culture of Planned Obsolescence in Technology Companies (PDF) (Bachelor's thesis). Oulu University of Practical Sciences.
• Bernard London (1932). Catastrophe the Low Through Planned Obsolescence (PDF) (Essay). New York.
• Neil Maycroft (2009). Consumption, planned obsolescence and waste matter (PDF) (Internal Study). University of Lincoln.
• Viviane Monteiro (2018). Does the Planned Obsolescence Influence Consumer Purchase Decisions: The Effects of Cerebral Biases: Bandwagon Effect, Optimism Bias and Nowadays Bias on Consumer Behavior (PDF) (Master's thesis). Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence

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