What Is the Dominant Principle of Art Used in Paul Kleeã¢ââ¢s Landscape With Yellow Birds?
| A | |
|---|---|
| A a ɑ | |
| (Come across below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabet |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0041, U+0061 |
| Alphabetical position | 1 Numerical value: 1 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Fourth dimension flow | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (Encounter below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | a(x), ae, eau |
| Associated numbers | 1 |
A, or a, is the offset letter of the alphabet and the outset vowel of the mod English alphabet and the ISO bones Latin alphabet.[ane] [2] Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes.[nb 1] It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek alphabetic character blastoff, from which information technology derives.[iii] The upper-case letter version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle past a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is usually used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read past children, and is besides plant in italic blazon.
In the English grammar, "a", and its variant "an", are indefinite articles.
History
| Egyptian | Proto-Sinaitic ʾalp | Proto-Canaanite | Phoenician aleph | Greek Alpha | Etruscan A | Latin/ Cyrillic A | Greek Uncial | Latin 300 Advert Uncial | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
The earliest certain ancestor of "A" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the offset letter of the alphabet of the Phoenician alphabet,[iv] which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also called an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet). In turn, the antecedent of aleph may accept been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script[5] influenced past Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled every bit a triangular head with 2 horns extended.
When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to represent the glottal end—the consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the start phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the letter—so they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel /a/, and called it by the like name of alpha. In the earliest Greek inscriptions after the Greek Dark Ages, dating to the 8th century BC, the letter rests upon its side, but in the Greek alphabet of later times information technology mostly resembles the modern upper-case letter letter, although many local varieties tin be distinguished by the shortening of ane leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is gear up.
The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter unchanged. The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting alphabetic character was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English.
Typographic variants
Dissimilar glyphs of the lowercase letter A.
During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter of the alphabet "A". Starting time was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. There was also a cursive style used for everyday or commonsensical writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the "perishable" nature of these surfaces, there are non as many examples of this style as there are of the awe-inspiring, but there are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule. Variants also existed that were intermediate betwixt the awe-inspiring and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial, the uncial, and the later semi-uncial.[vi]
At the end of the Roman Empire (fifth century Advertizement), several variants of the cursive minuscule adult through Western Europe. Amid these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Bang-up Britain. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-24-hour interval grade, was the principal course used in book-making, before the advent of the printing press. This class was derived through a combining of prior forms.[6]
Road sign in Republic of ireland, showing the Irish "Latin blastoff" grade of "a" in lower and upper instance forms.
15th-century Italia saw the formation of the two main variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form, too called script a, is used in most current handwriting; it consists of a circumvolve and vertical stroke on the right ("ɑ"). This slowly developed from the fifth-century form resembling the Greek alphabetic character tau in the easily of medieval Irish and English writers.[4] The Roman course is used in most printed material; information technology consists of a modest loop with an arc over it ("a").[6] Both derive from the majuscule (capital) class. In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts and so made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke adult into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms as "single decker a" and "double decker a" respectively.
Italic type is unremarkably used to mark accent or more than generally to distinguish ane part of a text from the rest (set in Roman type). In that location are some other cases aside from italic blazon where script a ("ɑ"), also chosen Latin alpha, is used in dissimilarity with Latin "a" (such every bit in the International Phonetic Alphabet).
Utilise in writing systems
Pronunciation of the proper noun of the alphabetic character ⟨a⟩ in European languages, notation that /a/ and /aː/ can differ phonetically between [a], [ä], [æ] and [ɑ] depending on the language.
English
In modern English orthography, the letter ⟨a⟩ represents at least seven unlike vowel sounds:
- the nearly-open up front unrounded vowel /æ/ as in pad;
- the open back unrounded vowel /ɑː/ as in father, which is closer to its original Latin and Greek sound;[v]
- the diphthong /eɪ/ as in ace and major (ordinarily when ⟨a⟩ is followed by i, or occasionally 2, consonants and then another vowel letter) – this results from Centre English lengthening followed past the Bang-up Vowel Shift;
- the modified course of the above sound that occurs before ⟨r⟩, as in square and Mary;
- the rounded vowel of water;
- the shorter rounded vowel (not present in General American) in was and what;[four]
- a schwa, in many unstressed syllables, as in about, comma, solar.
The double ⟨aa⟩ sequence does not occur in native English words, but is plant in some words derived from foreign languages such every bit Aaron and aardvark.[7] However, ⟨a⟩ occurs in many common digraphs, all with their own sound or sounds, particularly ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩, ⟨aw⟩, ⟨ay⟩, ⟨ea⟩ and ⟨oa⟩.
⟨a⟩ is the tertiary-most-commonly used letter in English (afterwards ⟨east⟩ and ⟨t⟩) and French, the second nigh common in Spanish, and the most mutual in Portuguese. About 8.167% of messages used in English texts tend to be ⟨a⟩;[8] the number is around 7.636% in French,[9] xi.525% in Spanish,[x] and 14.634% for Portuguese.[11]
Other languages
In almost languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨a⟩ denotes an open unrounded vowel, such every bit /a/, /ä/, or /ɑ/. An exception is Saanich, in which ⟨a⟩ (and the glyph Á) stands for a close-mid front unrounded vowel /eastward/.
Other systems
In phonetic and phonemic annotation:
- in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open front unrounded vowel, ⟨ä⟩ is used for the open central unrounded vowel, and ⟨ɑ⟩ is used for the open up back unrounded vowel.
- in Ten-SAMPA, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open up front unrounded vowel and ⟨A⟩ is used for the open back unrounded vowel.
Other uses
In algebra, the letter a along with various other letters of the alphabet is oftentimes used to announce a variable, with diverse conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. Moreover, in 1637, René Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by ten, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c",[12] and this convention is even so often followed, especially in elementary algebra.
In geometry, uppercase A, B, C etc. are used to denote segments, lines, rays, etc.[6] A capital A is as well typically used as one of the letters to represent an bending in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side reverse angle A.[5]
"A" is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A−, A or A+, the best class that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; "A course" for clean restaurants; A-listing celebrities, etc. Such associations tin have a motivating effect, equally exposure to the letter A has been found to meliorate performance, when compared with other messages.[thirteen]
"A" is used equally a prefix on some words, such as disproportion, to mean "not" or "without" (from Greek).
In English language grammer, "a", and its variant "an", is an indefinite article, used to innovate noun phrases.
Finally, the alphabetic character A is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe,[5] or a minor cup size in a brassiere.[14]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- A with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ[xv]
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, simply uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɑ ɑ : Latin letter blastoff / script A, which represents an open back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶐ : Latin modest letter alpha with retroflex claw[fifteen]
- Ɐ ɐ : Turned A, which represents a almost-open up primal vowel in the IPA
- Λ ʌ : Turned 5 (besides called a wedge, a caret, or a hat), which represents an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- Ɒ ɒ : Turned blastoff / script A, which represents an open back rounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶛ : Modifier letter small-scale turned alpha[15]
- ᴀ : Small capital A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to correspond various sounds (mainly open vowels)
- A a ᵄ : Modifier messages are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA)[xvi] (sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts)
- a : Subscript small-scale a is used in Indo-European studies[17]
- ꬱ : Modest alphabetic character a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[18]
- Ꞻ ꞻ : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic[xix]
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- ª : an ordinal indicator
- Å : Ångström sign
- ∀ : a turned capital letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification ("for all")
- @ : At sign
- ₳ : Argentine austral
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤀 : Semitic alphabetic character Aleph, from which the following symbols originally derive[twenty]
- Α α : Greek letter Blastoff, from which the following letters derive[21]
- А а : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet A[22]
- Ⲁ ⲁ : Coptic letter Blastoff[23]
- 𐌀 : Old Italic A, which is the ancestor of mod Latin A[24] [25]
- ᚨ : Runic alphabetic character ansuz, which probably derives from erstwhile Italic A[26]
- 𐌰 : Gothic letter aza/asks[27]
- Α α : Greek letter Blastoff, from which the following letters derive[21]
- Ա ա : Armenian letter Ayb
Lawmaking points
These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems
| Preview | A | a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Uppercase A | LATIN SMALL LETTER A | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | december | hex |
| Unicode | 65 | U+0041 | 97 | U+0061 |
| UTF-8 | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
| Numeric graphic symbol reference | A | A | a | a |
| EBCDIC family | 193 | C1 | 129 | 81 |
| ASCII 1 | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
- 1 Likewise for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Use as a number
In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, A is a number that corresponds to the number ten in decimal (base 10) counting.
Notes
- ^ Aes is the plural of the proper noun of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered As, A's, as, or a's.[ii]
Footnotes
- ^ "Latin alphabet | Definition, Clarification, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on ix March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ a b Simpson & Weiner 1989, p. 1
- ^ McCarter 1974, p. 54
- ^ a b c Hoiberg 2010, p. ane
- ^ a b c d Hall-Quest 1997, p. 1
- ^ a b c d Diringer 2000, p. 1
- ^ Gelb & Whiting 1998, p. 45
- ^ "Letter frequency (English)". en.algoritmy.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Corpus de Thomas Tempé". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
- ^ Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Secret and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers. Garden Metropolis, NY: Blue Ribbon Books. pp. 254–five. OCLC 795065.
- ^ "Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português". Archived from the original on iii August 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- ^ Tom Sorell, Descartes: A Very Curt Introduction, (2000). New York: Oxford Academy Press. p. 19.
- ^ Ciani & Sheldon 2010, pp. 99–100
- ^ Luciani, Jené (2009). The Bra Volume: The Fashion Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra. Dallas, TX: Benbella Books. p. 13. ISBN9781933771946. OCLC 317453115.
- ^ a b c Lawman, Peter (19 April 2004), L2/04-132 Proposal to Add together Boosted Phonetic Characters to the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on eleven October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002), L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Characters for the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 19 Feb 2018, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (vii June 2004), L2/04-191: Proposal to Encode Six Indo-Europeanist Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2 June 2011), L2/11-202: Revised Proposal to Encode "Teuthonista" Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on xi October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Suignard, Michel (9 May 2017), L2/17-076R2: Revised Proposal for the Encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic Characters (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2019, retrieved 8 March 2019 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Jensen, Hans (1969). Sign, Symbol, and Script. New York: One thousand.P. Putman's Sons.
- ^ "Hebrew Lesson of the Week: The Letter Aleph". 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Cyrillic Alphabet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Silvestre, Grand. J. B. (1850). Universal Palaeography. Translated by Madden, Frederic. London: Henry K. Bohn. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Frothingham, A. L., Jr. (1891). "Italic Studies". Archaeological News. American Journal of Archaeology. vii (four): 534. JSTOR496497. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 27 Oct 2020.
- ^ Steele, Philippa Thou., ed. (2017). Agreement Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN9781785706479. Archived from the original on half-dozen May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010). Indo-European Linguistic communication and Culture: An Introduction (2d ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359688. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ "𐌰". Wiktionary. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 25 Jan 2021.
References
- "English Letter Frequency". Math Explorer's Lodge. Cornell Academy. 2004. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- "Percentages of Letter Frequencies per G Words". Trinity Higher. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved xi May 2015.
- Ciani, Keith D.; Sheldon, Kennon Thou. (2010). "A Versus F: The Effects of Implicit Alphabetic character Priming on Cognitive Functioning". British Periodical of Educational Psychology. eighty (1): 99–119. doi:10.1348/000709909X466479. PMID 19622200.
- Diringer, David (2000). "A". In Bayer, Patricia (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. I: A-Anjou (Kickoff ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-0133-4.
- Gelb, I. J.; Whiting, R. 1000. (1998). "A". In Ranson, One thousand. Anne (ed.). Academic American Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A–Ang (Get-go ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-2068-seven.
- Hall-Quest, Olga Wilbourne (1997). "A". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier'south Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "A". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak–Bayes. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN978-1-59339-837-8.
- McCarter, P. Kyle (1974). "The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet". The Biblical Archaeologist. 37 (three): 54–68. doi:ten.2307/3210965. JSTOR 3210965. S2CID 126182369.
- Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E.Southward.C., eds. (1989). "A". The Oxford English language Dictionary. Vol. I: A–Bazouki (2nd ed.). Oxford, Britain: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-xix-861213-1.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to A. |
 | Look upward A or a in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- History of the Alphabet
-
Texts on Wikisource: - "A" in A Dictionary of the English language by Samuel Johnson
- "A". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "A". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "A". The New Student'southward Reference Work. 1914.
- "A". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A
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